The Rise of the Papacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rise of the Papacy - Research Paper Example e on earth will be  loosed in heaven†.1 After the ascension, Peter of course played an active and pivotal role in building the first Christian communities in Judea, Greece, and Rome. Although the earliest forms of Christianity were not â€Å"Catholic† per se, the subsequent movement of Catholicism traces its origins back to the very earliest Christians and leverage this understanding as a means of developing a type of ethos with respect to the church’s stature within Christendom. The purpose of this brief essay will focus upon the rise of the papacy and the manner through which the bishops of Rome came to define, and indeed be called, â€Å"pope† in the contemporary sense and meaning of the word. It is the hope of this author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial in helping the reader to come to a more profound understanding with respect to how this institution came into being and the causal factors that facilitated the rise of the papacy at the distinct moment in time that it took place. As has previously been referenced within the introduction, the foundations of the papacy can be traced back to the belief that Christ would found a church with Peter as its figurehead. As Christianity grew and Christian communities sprung up throughout the Mediterranean region, and elsewhere, the fundamental need for some type of control structure and/or figure of leadership was abundantly apparent. Peter, Paul, and the other apostles, noted in the New Testament, spent a great deal of time running between these early communities and seeking to avert major crises of faith/doctrine. As a matter of defining the way in which these groups of believers would engage with the gospel, interact with one another, and seek to integrate with the remainder of the Christian communities throughout the world, early forms of Christianity soon began to nominate and promote bishops within these communities as a means of providing a type of regional figurehead that could help to

Sustainable transportation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable transportation paper - Essay Example The evaluation of the organization’s future performance, as this issue is addressed in Question 3 of the paper, would be based on the information related to urban transportation, as released in the literature. By 2040 the changes developed in Portland are many. These changes have resulted to the transformation of the city’s transportation system. Reference is made specifically to the radical increase of passengers using TriMet for their work trips in Portland. This trend can be related to specific practices adopted by TriMet; these practices have led to the increase of the organization’s ridership by 20% between 2010 and 2040. TriMet has primarily focused on the quality and safety of its infrastructure. When referring to transport, quality is an important criteria for choosing a means of transportation (Karner and Niemeier 2013). In this context, TriMet’s project for the update/ improvement of its network has been based on the Accessibility-Based Approach to Planning. In order for an urban planning project to secure accessibility it needs to meet the above two criteria: ‘mobility and proximity’ (Cervero 2005, p.1). Mobility, as an element of accessibility, shows the easiness in getting from one point to the other, mostly in regard to time spent for completing the relevant trip (Cervero 2005). As for proximity, this term implies the limitation of distance between two points/ areas; this limitation is usually achieved either by using transport means of advanced technology or by developing transport infrastructure, such as bridges etc., that can reduce distance in trips (Cervero 2005, p.1 ). Under these terms, in 2040 people in Portland prefer TriMet in their work trips since they can save significant time in reaching their destination especially since the improvements made in the city’s infrastructure system have emphasized to mobility and

Domestic violence and risk assessment frameworks (Bachelor social work Essay

Domestic violence and risk assessment frameworks (Bachelor social work Australia) - Essay Example An essential framework that can be used in domestic risk assessment is the Family and Domestic Violence Common Risk Assessment and Risk Management Framework (Department of Child Protection, 2011). This is a standardized way of identifying, assessing, and responding to domestic violence in families. The framework sets a standard that assessors can employ in identifying a victim of domestic violence; frameworks have to avoid ignorance of any case that may turn fatal afterwards. The model has a common framework in risk assessment and management to ensure all the relevant information is captured, acted on, and avoiding decisions based on incomplete information (DCP, 2011). This is in line with risk framework approach standard guidelines that seek to establish principles, create policies, and assess the risk, deciding plans for the risk, and managing the risk (Titterton 2005). To use this framework with a client, it is important to determine the correlates of domestic violence as Rigg et al (2010) suggests. This would involve determining any prior relationship of aggression to understand the history of the violence in the family; the risk portrays a historical context and does not occur once (Rigg eta l. 2010). The next step would be identifying the demographic characteristics; these are critical in understanding and determining risk prevalence, understanding the psychological constructs of both the partners as men who commit such violence have shown differences in psychological constructs from those who do not. The next step would be to identify the psychopathy; most abuses portray more psychological problem than non-abusers (Riggs et al, 2010). The questions to ask in such a case will be directed at understanding the trends as indicated above. Stilth et al (2004) suggested the use of an assessment, which may help understand the individual’s

Comparative Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Advantage - Essay Example It is however, critical to note that this advantage is relatively low as compared to other countries. In sectors like Mineral fuels and apparels, US is comparatively at disadvantage as compared to other countries and may be the net importer of goods and services following in both these categories. Finance and insurance sector also seem to lose its competitiveness as compared to other countries such as Japan and Switzerland. The data in table 5.1 indicates that US may not have comparative advantage in different sectors as compared to other countries. This may be owing to different factors including lack of room for economic expansion during recent years. Further, US economy is believed to be transitioning towards service based economy therefore different sectors of the economy may be losing their comparative advantage as other countries may be picking up from where US firms left the competition wide open for other economies. (Jagdish N. Bhagwati, Panagariya, & Srinivasan, 1998) Japan seems to enjoy greater level of comparative advantage in producing vehicles. This suggests that vehicle production in Japan is relatively cheaper as compared to other countries and Japan can enjoy relative comparative advantage in this sector. As compared to US, Japan is far ahead in producing vehicle much efficiently and at lower costs. Japan also seems to enjoy greater level of comparative advantage in producing electronic equipment and enjoys greater advantage over US. This may also indicates that Japan’s economy is still industrial based with strong focus upon maintaining industrial base of the economy through achieving better comparative advantage. A relatively positive comparative advantage is also enjoyed in the finance and insurance sector indicating that financial sector in Japan is relatively more efficient as compared to financial sector of US. This may also be

Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs Essay Example for Free

Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs Essay Managing and developing intellectual capital in many of today’s organizations is becoming the greatest asset. Different firms of different sizes operating in different sectors are seeking a way of performing this task effectively and efficiently. Among the different tools under considerations, many consider Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software packages essential tools to effectively manage, retain and share knowledge among stakeholders at all echelons. ERP implementation causes changes to the receiving organization given its comprehensiveness and integrity. As a result challenges which results into additional risks and realization of new opportunities arise and proper action must be taken to avert or reinforce the challenge for better results. ERP solution system is as an opportunity for business entities whether small or large to use software applications that are specifically designed to upgrade the various business functions and attain the best business practices (Markus and Tanis, 2000, Marnewick and Labuschagne, 2005). Effective implementation of ERP software applications ensures that the major functional parts of a business enterprise are linked together in a common amalgamated software system (Sandoe et al, 2001, Rao 2000). This process makes it possible for the business activities to be instigated more efficiently and cooperation among the workers becomes more effective through the interactive information system. The process of implementing ERP in Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs) is beset with extra challenges and opportunities due to their specialty. The SMBs have limited financial and human resources, limited experience in project management and sometimes limited managerial competencies which determines the agility of their operations. Problem Statement Implementing ERP, projects require specialized application because they affect the receiving organization to different degrees. In implementing an ERP, solution divisions and departments within an organization have to be integrated into a single business platform, which affects the business model and the organization culture (Markus and Tanis, 2000). This makes the project risky and intricate. Due to global business factors, economic expansion and IT revolution ERP solutions are becoming a requirement for business success. SMBs being key players in the economic activity are not left out in this competition. However, the process and success stories of ERP solutions in SMBs is lacking as past studies mainly focused on the large scale enterprises ERP solution process and application. In addition, the present trend of ERP solution project implementation by SMBs in the diverse business sectors and industries calls for the exploration of the opportunities and challenges of Implementing ERP Solution Projects in SMBs to pave way for the identification of ways of avoiding or minimizing losses in the implementation process (Soh et al, 2000). SMBs organization structures and organizational cultures are not all well defined. This coupled with the rigidity of the organization structure and culture present serious challenges to the implementation of ERP projects in SMBs. Additionally ERP projects are more successful in easy to change and agile organizations. However, unlike in large companies, the senior management team of the SMBs is normally part of the daily business operations and lacks in-depth knowledge and skills necessary to have organized long-term plans for the business and even the adoption of ERP solution projects. Similarly low capital base and lack of properly trained personnel have remained a major setback in the running of the functions of SMBs. This problem is compounded by lack of sufficient funds to sustain training and engage quality consultants in such trainings. According to Sandoe et al (2001) many SMBs lack dedicated IT staff able to perform the risk management function exposing major business operations to unnecessary risks. Likewise, within internal functions of a SMB, organizational changes that would give room for adoption of technology are limited due to lack of unused resources. The impact of unsuccessful implementation of ERP solution to a SMB are said to be greater to the entire operations of the business enterprise while the success of wisely implemented ERP system will have a whole organizational positive impact (Rao 2000).

What Cause These Soldiers To Suicide Philosophy Essay

What Cause These Soldiers To Suicide Philosophy Essay Suicide is now the leading cause of death among military. Suicide occurs when a person chooses to end their life as he or she view suicide as the only way out of the problem. The causes of suicide are different and unique for each person. The stressor caused by war is one of the reasons these soldiers to choose to suicide. Some of them could not cope with what they had been through during the war. Kelly (2004) discussed about a former Army sergeant, Matt La Branche, who shared the memories when he was in Iraq War. He constantly struggles with the image of the Iraqi woman who died in his arms after he had shot her (Kelly, 2004). According to Buncombe Duff (2006), When you go to bed at night you wonder will you be sent home in a flag-draped coffin because a mortar round went off on your sleeping area. another army also shared his experience after the war. These examples showered how the soldier experienced severe anxiety, suffered from a serious depression, and become dependent on alcohol. They keep toughing themselves with negative thought and cannot stand the memories that they are murdered, seeing children killed, families wipe out and even the loss of comrades. Killing and brutality of the war have led to many sold iers feel shame, embarrassment, and guilt. The untreated depression, frequent deployments, financial stress, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, often brutal choices and the family separation have been linked to suicide rate among soldiers. Some soldiers appear to be at particularly high risk for suicide after break up of a relationship. Some of the soldier sees depression as a sign of weakness and it might bring an end to their career. Thus, most of them will choose to deny the existence of their depression. However, as one constantly choose not to acknowledgement that one is suffering from depression, things will become worst and possibly ended with a mental break down. From the studies, Michael and Ian were highly valued, integrity, well-educated officers with families and with bright future chooses to commit suicide. Michael had been depressed for roughly 7 years and the final years of his life. He sought help, but took it frivolously and did not take it seriously. In addition, the commander did not order him to seek help as it did not sound like an army issue to him. He sees depression as a sign of weakness and he was afraid it will ruin his career. The stress came from the family especially when his oldest son was diagnosed with leukemia and possibly a relationship break down as well. In his last email, he noted that he regretted his failure as a husband, as a father. We can see the stress of being a husband and father; he felt that he was useless and could not do the best for his family. As a man like him, he could not stand the stigma somehow and did not acknowledge about his depression. However, as a commander, he needs to understand the situation objectively and should not be saying those irresponsible words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this doesnt sound like an Army issue to me (Thompson Gibbs, 2012). It does not mean someone who is doing well at work would not be affected by depression. The problem can come in many other ways that are not visible. Ian Morrison, on the other hand, struggled with his anger, anxiety, restless, and sleeplessness. He had the perseverance to figure out how to stop his anxiety and sought for help. He sought help from the army and military 6 times and three days before he died. Sadly, he was always told to be on hold, and the responses give to him was you come to the wrong place, or stay on the line, we cant help you right now. Although he managed to reach the doctor, it was upsetting because the doctor had not treated his anxiety and only gave him sleeping pills in order for him to improve on his sleeping habits. He also tried to enrol in an Army sleep study but was told that he could not join it. In my own perception, the incident of him almost hit by a rocket in one mission and the reassignment is the cause his anxiety and sleeplessness. Ian tried his very best to seek help from the professionals but no one could help him to look into the issues.(Thompson Gibbs, 2012). This is an issue for us to reflect on. There is no response from mental health professionals as they work is overloaded or there is a shortage of staff. The phone lines are always busy as there are too many people calling in seeking for help. I hope the military will really take actions to help other soldiers, and concern about those who need help. QUESTION 2 What is PTSD and how PTSD affects these soldiers? PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder. According to Longe Wells (2007) and Farlex, Inc. (2012), Post-traumatic stress disorder is a debilitating psychological condition triggered by a major traumatic event, such as rape, war, a terrorist act, death of loved one, a natural disaster, or a catastrophic accident. It is marked by exposure to stressor, unhappy memories of the unpleasant experience, increased arousal, avoidance, numbing and severe personality changes. People with PTSD sometimes have frozen eye movement such as shell-shocked soldiers. Thus, moving the eyes might accelerate the integration of traumatic memory with adaptive cognitions that are stored elsewhere in the brain. It is possible that the gentle processing biochemically alters the brain so that it becomes desensitized. (Schiraldi,2009). Most of the symptoms are resemble to traumatic brain injury. The common symptoms of PTSD are hyper alertness, feeling of isolation, guilt, nightmares, depression, fear and anxiety, increased substance abuse, flashbacks, gastrointestinal complaints, negative world view and others. According to Fredericks (2010) and WebMD (2012), People with PTSD have symptoms for longer than one month. For a person with PTSD, these feelings continue and even increase, becoming so strong that they keep themselves from living a normal life. The statistics show that PTSD increased dramatically among soldiers from World War II, War in Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. According to Hazelden Foundation (2011), PTSD often leaves ones feeling out of control, vulnerable, and as if one is in constant danger. These feelings are persistent, strong, and do not disappear over time on their own. Fredericks (2010) notes that soldiers who struggled with the PTSD can significantly disrupt their daily routine, work and relationship. PTSD will affect their performance of work such as absenteeism, fatigue, poor concentration, restless and so on. Communication will also be affected by anger, aggressive, detachment, avoiding people and others. According to Fredericks (2010), people with PTSD will always be restless, unable to sleep, and always have the feeling of anxiety. PTSD also affects these soldiers perceived extent of threat, upset, fear, panic, terror which are uncontrollable. It may turn a person from an amazing father to a person who is always hard to family members. The number of people suffering from PTSD among the military and veterans are alarming and needs to be solved. QUESTION 4 The statement it was not the war that turned out to be hard, it was the peace. Interpret the meaning of the statement? In one study, The War on Suicide (Thompson Gibbs, 2012), It was not the war that turned out to be hard, it was the peace. This statement clearly expresses a feeling from a soldier who was returning home from a military life. The daily routine for an army is to get up at the exact time, to eat, and to work out. Everyone is obliged to strict rules and schedules. Some experienced troubles while trying to cope with the normal routine and social skill when they returned home. A lot of the soldiers are always alert for their personal safety. Some are easily frighten with a deafeningly loud bang and easily get panicked and could not walk down the street without worrying. Sleep may be scarce, and theres no real down time. This is a result of an improvised explosive or artillery going off in a combat zone. Some soldiers look normal when they returned home alive. It is very hard for them to readjust after the torment that they had been through the war or mission. It is because, some soldiers returned with missing parts of their bodies, permanent scars, torment loss of comrades and confront with killing and death daily. Some of them come home for nothing; families have abandoned them (e.g. divorced, parents death and so on) or losing their jobs. Buncombe Duff, (2006) describe a life from a former army reservist, Douglas Barber, he said We come home from war trying to put our lives back together but some cannot stand the memories and decide that death is better. We kill ourselves because we are so haunted by seeing children killed and whole families wiped out. The path they had gone through was unthinkable for anyone to imagine. Most of them do not know how to cope with returning to a society from a military. QUESTION 5 The comment made by General Dana Pittard was indeed arrogant and ignorant but I believe it is the truth. What is your opinion? It is okay if you think differently than me. According to Thompson Gibbs (2012), the comments made by General Dana Pittard complaining that he was personally fed up with absolutely selfish troops who kill themselves, leaving him and others to clean up their mess. Be an adult, act like an adult, and deal with your real-life problems. To a certain extent, I believed that it is correct. Everyone goes through pain and pleasures in their life. I strongly believed that there is an unknown story behind every hardship. Each experience and pain will change ones perspective about life, especially regarding matters related to surviving. Those who could not control their state of mind after being often suffers from depression, anxiety and low self-esteem as they could no longer cope with the daily routine of a normal life. It is always a saddening moment to see people ending their precious life. I believed everyone knows the phrase of life is precious. However, we tend to forget the existence and meaning of this phrase when adversities strike and often could not view the matter from a more optimistic perspective. In the end, the fragile life was simply put to an end when one could not handle the amount of pressure and stress, leaving their loving parents, caring friends and relatives to mourn for their death. Everyone has a responsibility to their own life. There are always solutions to any problems, and one shall not give up as help will always be given. However, we could not always fully understand the reasons why certain people choose to end their life as we did not went through nor experience their journey of life. There might be other contributing factors that lead to this decision. We could not judge from the surface and view the matter one-sidedly as it involves complicated issues and sometimes beyond ones control. Are they anyone who is willing the help when they are depressed? Are there any close friends, relatives or families who notice the changes in their emotions and feelings? Are there any listeners or counselors present when they need to express their feelings or seek advice? These are some of the questions we should acknowledge before drawing the conclusion. In my personal opinion, a comment made by General Dana Pittard was utterly disrespectful towards the troops. These soldiers were not selfish; it was just that they could not find the right person to help them when they needed one. There seems to be no light at the end of their tunnel, whether the light could come from someone, or through self-reflection. However, I do not agree that these soldiers should end their life when they could not find any help. What matters now is to focus on those who are desperately in need of help. We should not give up hope on these soldiers and should always care for them, especially those who are near and close to us. Tragedies like this should be prevented in the future to avoid innocent soldiers from ending their precious life. Respect and honor shall be given to these soldiers as they sacrifice their lives for the safety of the nation. I believed that through consistent support and motivation, these soldiers would not feel alone anymore as there wil l always be someone who is willing to help them during their darkest days.

Campaigns Of Sultan Mehmet Fatih History Essay

Campaigns Of Sultan Mehmet Fatih History Essay The Conqueror Fatih Sultan Mehmet, also known as Mehmet II or The Conqueror, was born in 1432 in Edirne; however, he died in 1481. Garraty, 1986, P: 606 Mehmet II was ascended the throne in his 20th year old. He ruled the Ottoman Empire for a short time, from 1444 to 1446. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Fatih was the son of earlier Sultan Murad II. Conversely, his mother was Huma Hatun. Sultan Mehmet was a tall man, strong in addition to muscular man. Mehmet II was a political leader as well as a military leader. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) He was further involved in literature, besides cultivated arts along with monumental architecture. Fatih Sultan Mehmet was speaking seven languages effortlessly. He more interested in philosophy in addition to science. Conquering Constantinople: Mehmet II took the nickname conqueror (fatih) following the take-over of Istanbul. As within two years of repossessing the throne in 1451, he put an end to the Byzantine Empire because of conquering Constantinople, (Hitti, 2002, P: 811) by this means merging the Ottoman Empire along with marking the closing stages of the middle Ages as well. (Garraty, 1986, P: 606) Throughout the blockade of Constantinople, Fatih Sultan Mehmets soldiers numbered greater than 100,000, along with around 125 warships were at his discarding. (Hourani, 1991, P: 211) Fatih Sultan Mehmet utilized gunpowder to stimulating outcome all through the blockade. As well as the Sultan squeezed new-fangled technical developments that inclined the scales in his support, together with Orbans cannon, a portion of weaponry greater than 25 feet extended that could blaze cannonballs up into a mile as well that he had specially made commencing a European artist named Orban. (Hitti, 2002, P: 812) On the morning of Tuesday, May 29, 1453, (Hourani, 1991, P: 211) the Ottomans went into Constantinople all the way through breaches in the walls stuck between Edirne and Top Kapi. The last Byzantine emperor; Constantine XI, had unsuccessfully sought after help commencing the European states; nevertheless they were so reluctant to act so. Sultan Mehmet II, the Ottoman principal did not go into the city for three days throughout which his soldiers were allowable to swipe it. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) On the other hand, this unwelcoming peak in the historical development of Constantinople was the commencement of a freshly start for the reason that Mehmet II determined to changed place the capital of his kingdom from Edirne to the occupied city. (The Sultans, 2012)This regulation was destined to give details the sultans maintain to be looked upon as the new-fangled Roman emperor, the rightful descendant of Augustus as well as Constantine along with that reason, he preserved the citys former name. (Pamuk, 2005) Hagia Sophia As A Mosque: On Friday, June 1, 1453, the Turkish Sultan Mehmet Fatih (the Conqueror) entered the defeated also now defeated capital late in the afternoon furthermore rode to Hagia Sophia. He was astonished at its attractiveness. (Basic Istanbul, 2012) Moreover, Mehmet Fatih decided to revolutionize the Cathedral Hagia Sophia into his imperial mosque. For the reason that he alleged that this was observed in Holy Koran that Istanbul ought to be conquered moreover curved to be an Islamic territory. (Basic Istanbul, 2012) Some other people said that he saw a dream ordering him to vary Hagia Sophia into a mosque as a return aptitude for getting the most powerful city at the world at that time. (Hitti, 2002, P: 806) Campaigns of Sultan Mehmet Fatih: The confine of Istanbul was gone after through a long series of campaigns, which resulted in a tremendous growth of personal Ottoman rule. Further, among those districts that cut down to Mehmet II was Serbia, besides Greece, the kingdom of Trezibizond, as well Wallachia, along with Bosnia, also Karaman, Albania in addition to some Venetian and Geneose maritime establishments. (Garraty, 1986, P: 609) Moreover, he reached Belgrade by 1456. His attempts to get Belgrade failed, although his Empire continued to dominate most of Serbia. His ultimate goal was to capture Rome, solidifying Constantinoples position as the New Rome, and to this time he attacked Italy in 1480; (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Sultan Mehmet Fatih faced with resistance unfortunately, he died prior to he was talented to perceive his dream comprehended. (Pamuk, 2005) Sultan Mehmet Fatih and Arts: Fatih Sultan Mehmets time in power was recognized for its understanding of doctrinal differences and mental vigor; the Sultan was dependable for the building of eight universities. (The Sultans, 2012)He was a keen art collector; as well developed a set interested in the Renaissance; forged cultural ties through the West, also maintained a private library overflowing through texts on medicine, as well geography, besides philosophy, in addition to ancient history. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Beneath his regulation, the Ottoman Empires domestic in addition to criminal laws were codified into a singular form of law as well. The Sultan is extensively looked upon as an accomplished linguist and is credited with introducing the term politics into the Arabic language. He was accomplished by his son, Byazid II. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Reforming of Sultan Mehmet Fatih: Fatih Sultan Mehmet handled the burden of establishing the administrative procedures for the expanding empire with a large portion of pragmatism well. This move toward was in reality quite comparable to Fatih Sultan Mehmet practices in further areas. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) Consequently, there emerged within the empire zones through untrustworthy degrees of administrative power. At the core, there were areas most intimately administered through the capital through institutions most intimately resembling those in the capital region. (Pamuk, 2005) through increasing remoteness commencing the capital, the institutions as well as administrative performs revealed the impact balances flanked by the capital in addition to the local structures along with forces. (Hitti, 2002, P: 804) Conclusion: Fatih Sultan Mehmet ruled the Ottoman Empire for 30 years moreover joined 25 campaigns himself. (Garraty, 1986, P: 608) He was a real careful political leader and a remarkably courageous soldier. He took the position in front of his armed forces in the wars; moreover, he encouraged his soldiers. The Fatih Sultan Mehmet died on May 3 1481. (Hourani, 1991, P: 210) He was buried in Fatih Turbesi, in proximity to the Mosque of Fatih in Istanbul. He had four sons, Mustafa, Bayezid II, Cem, Korkut, and one daughter Gevrehan Sultana. (Hitti, 2002, P: 806)