Architectural education today: Cross-cultural perspectives Essay

Architecture is the process by which buildings and other physical structures are planned, constructed and designed through consideration of environmental, cultural and social factors. Architecture also encompasses the issues of cost assessment, construction management and scheduling which an architect have to consider in order for it to be successful. The process of architecture involves a series of steps whereby the architect present a documentation of plans and technical specifications, typical drawings, which represents or defines the structure of the building to be constructed (Cowlishaw, 1999). This professional discipline represents all creative fields regarding the design of our physical environment whether cultural, industrial and residential. However the relationship between dependable mishandlings of the surroundings and building structures has resulted to the considerations of responses to all factors in the environment including culture, climate, and location. This is ref erred as the built environment and currently, many researchers have been looking at what environmental burdens has an effects on human physical characters and application to the physical and cultural environment (Dovey and Kim, 2010). Consequently, every environmental factor has contributed significantly in the evolution of man’s architecture and until recently cultural factors in the man’s physical evolution (architecture) has acknowledged basically no consideration (Alamo et al, 2002). Environmentally, sensible design of any structure should be essential in the creative process from the commencement, considering at the current structure that there is probability of energy consumption which is one of the environmental factors leading to a maintainable construction and structure, which can be applied in the redesigning stage of the development. Consideration of the environmental factors in the architecture process ensures that there is easily adaptation of the structures designed to any environmental condition. Cultural factors are also main essentials o consider when designing and planning any structure since they are connected to the human behavior (David, 1993). Culture can be defined as the devel opment that not only regulate the pressures of natural assortment of any design or plan but also assist in the changes of pressures. Evident on this aspect is when we witness the growth and improvement of human tools, social selection and migration. Through consideration of cultural factors, human nature is transformed in one way or the other and this have contributed development of intellects which increase the response of biological mechanisms. Precisely, in this essay I have tried to discuss in details on how environmental and cultural factors influence the process of architecture as well as the built environment. Built environment can be referred as those surroundings created by humans, for humans and can be applied in human activity. Such built environment includes cities, buildings, and roads and also supports infrastructure, such as supply of water or networks of energy. However, built environment relates so much with architecture since it involves spaces and places modified or generated by people in the society comprising transportation systems, constructions and parks. But recently research from the public health have described built environment as inclusion of healthy food admittance in the process of ensuring maintainable environment with an aim of smart growth. The built environment offers the situation and background by which we live our lives and effects on our emotions, senses, contribution in physical action a nd the life and sense of community and universal welfare (David, 1993). Cultural factors             Cultural factors that influence architecture as well as the built environment, explains more on the style of the architecture which will really fit the surrounding, they determine whether the architecture is traditional or modern and also determines whether the architecture have integrated local design components. The consequence of culture on the architectural design appears to be the crucial factor in shaping any structure. The widespread variety of shapes, techniques of constructing walls and roofs of houses has resulted to the current aspirations of advancement towards modernity. In many parts this inspiration of architectural heritage of texture and color of the building components have been attained while suggesting new architectural design that can boost cultural endurance. In addition, the considerations on culture are mostly stressed in any architecture process because that architectural section that do not consider the cultural elements of its surroundin gs stand the risk of being forbidden by the existing people (Dovey and Kim, 2010). The features of culture that mostly affect architecture as well as built environment include religious, economic and social activities. One of the main cultural factors influencing architecture and the built environment as well is sensory assessment of decorations. Decorations makes a building or any structure to have attractive and clear visual appearance to the observers plus the occupants. Therefore before even designing and planning an architectural design, decoration of that structure must be highly considered. This decoration must highly relates with the flexibility of the culture so that it cannot interfere with the existing culture thus the visual simplicity can go hand on hand with the noticeable differences. The influence of building components comes out as an effective and important factor in determining the complication of architectural design. Mostly, the repetition, orientation, similarity, common inclusion and balance of the building components play a measure in conveying building structures such as houses. Furthermore, the characteristics magnitudes of the windows, their relationship with the compact areas and their locations in the wall inclines a sense of consistency in architecture. Therefore, the effective architectural shape, material, style and decoration explains the most important components for constructing structures without much consideration on the texture and color (Noschis, 2002). Considerably, we have stated above that social activities are one of the cultural factors and they influence highly on any architectural design and its development. As we all know, the traditional styles of generating and creating architectural designs started to shrink due to emergency of western civilization thus resulting to modification from numerous unit system of extended families houses to current single unit system of apartments and flats. The current architects must consider a complete deviance from enclosure system even if the inhabitants of that house are more than one family. This is because there have been a stead evolution of architecture from traditional background. Approving the above point (Denyer, 1978) affirms that though the colonial controllers did not directly mediate in issues concerning indigenous culture, however, there were two major conditions in which obligation did happen. They were the isolation of land to accommodate emigrant settlers, and the hint of t rying to persuade people to live in settlements suitable for local development policies. There was serious intervention in the habitation schedules and many administration have not changed the existing development. When designing any architectural design currently, one must have idea that involvement of grouped people who in early times lived into large villages has left their family farmstead of scattered and small villages. Modern community services have also attracted most of people to the site where good architectural designed with modern facilities. The main reason why this evolution have occurred is because any traditional buildings were designed with the bases of width and not its height like what is done recently. Population is another social element which is under the cultural factors influencing the architectural designs and plans. Before setting up any architectural design, the architect must have the details of the number of people around that structure and determine whether this will affect the built environment in that location (Ferrigni, 2005). All social groups beginning from the aboriginal tribes to countries or nations have certain kind of art form. It is a certain character that man at all times attempts to show his feelings of his environment utmost the things which brings a great impact to his lifetime. Considering the number of people around that architectural design is very important because human being is a social being and at sometimes those people who are using it, or ordering it to be built or people designing and building it can influence all inner spaces. Environmental factors             Environment and architecture relates so much such that without an architect considering the environmental factors, architectural designs and plans end up failing. It is not possible to design any good structures (buildings) without considering their relationship to the national coordination. Moreover, it is not possible to interpret the normal environment without having knowledge on how human involvement in the environment affects it; either negatively or positively. The study of environment takes the entire meaning when nature and man start to identify their interdependence. However, the relationship of architecture and environment inspires students to sightsee from variety of perceptions (Dillion and Salvage,1998). In my opinion, environmentally friendly architecture should be a habitual practice to any firm in consideration of a good architectural design. The main environmental factors that influence the designing of architecture is climate with inclusion of it s variables and elements. In addition we must consider another factor on consideration of energy emissions that will that will be required and created during the process of architecture. This will ensure that the budget of the client whose the well-designed building concern to, that the amount of energy to control it daily does not require the usual amounts of energy plus the cost-effective resources. When the architectural design is friendly to the environment, then it means it can be effectively implemented right on time (Fantin, 2003). Climate in particular as an environmental factor influences architectural designs. For example, the hot humid regions or zones requires structures with wide openings for ventilation and lighting. Climate together with other physical components prescribe kind of geographical features and therefore influence the kind of construction and designs that can be established in a specific geographical region (Dillion and Salvage,2003). Consideration of these elements further assist the designer in developing the dimension linkages and form which is arranged in a discrete manner to satisfy the desired needs. The conditions of a place has to do with topography, microclimate, water basin, undergrowth and wind breaks in the form of bush and trees. Other situations are convenience, how near is that architectural design to the public infrastructure, entrance and the level of disturbances. Since traditional house building system did not think through most of the factors noted above, the only conside rations a house constructor or any planning house proprietor were vegetation with respect to economic crops, the appearance of the terrain, description of plot with respect to religious happenings, immediacy to head of instantaneous family and farm occupants (Ferrigni, 2005). Another importance of climate as an environmental factor is that it assist the architectural designers and planners to a large magnitude, what kind of natural resources can be afforded to local builders and architects. To those areas that do not have many trees or a lot of rainfall, but with a extensive area of grass where grazing of livestock can take place, cow strokes are often permitted to dry and then composed together, so that they can be applied as building elements for the walls of buildings and other residences (Konya,1980). These strokes serve a construction component and heat-proofing. However, heavily forested areas allow the builders to apply timber as a durable and strong building component. In areas where there is large leaves, such as palm leaves, they can be applied to make roofs that are effective in avoiding rainfall and other elements of climate from affecting the built structure. This will contribute a lot to the one who is implementing the work of the designer b ecause even the application of environment elements is easy to repair and it is a poor conductor of heat thus it facilitates to bearable interior temperature (Dillion and Salvage,1998). The alignment of locating the building on the location is done with special consideration being focused on the climatic components such as sun radiation, wind, topography, vegetation and precipitation. The level of disturbance and its view are also usually taken care of an effective architecture process. During times of excessive heat, solar radiation is mainly considered because there is need to know the difference in temperature of a construction between the best and worst alignment (Ferrigni, 2005). Good alignment assists to eliminate much of solar radiation from the internal region of the construction. However, alignment of houses is determined by bearing in mind access to the buildings and the point that the apartment of head of the family must be located almost at the end. If all these considerations are done, then the nature and kind of the houses assist in reducing the consequence of sun radiation to the occupants in that building. Moreover consideration of mud houses can app ly very well in these zones with extensive heats since, they are poor conductor of heat therefore, making the interior of that building quite cool (Konya,1980). Another architectural consideration in these parts is constructing buildings that do not have ceiling in order to enable circulation of air thus improving the ventilation. Finally, the appearance of local landscape and the way it is influenced by climate can have an important control on the choices made by the architectural designers. For example considering the land which is close to water bodies then the domestic residences can be built facing in the course that enables cooling breezes created by the water to create natural circulation of air (Fantin, 2003). Consequently, those places with an abundance of trees, residences can be constructed under the shade of their leaves to accomplish a similar function and deliver protection from either wind and or rain. In addition, the modern conservation of energy can be a main challenge in buildings which are being built. This often leads to connecting energy from native weather patterns in ways which are sophisticated and will allow the concentrated amount of air to stream through and cool the buildings (Alamo et al, 2002). Conclusion             Any architecture can give in a very detailed and speedy manner, the cultural background and historic economic of any group of people or settlements. In simple terms, the architectural constructions in any setup, informs visitors the kind of structures in existence whether cultural or environmental. There must be a resolute struggle to revive the failing architectural trend and advance fresh but tolerable architectural plans and design that identify the culture of the people with respect to present development in their environment. Every culture can stimulate a kind of architecture that can encourage a kind of architecture that can vary from developments to everyday house. Environment and family appear to be the most common influences generally. Each culture is not the same to the other and the more we become enlightened on them, the more we raise the value of our environment and comprehend why certain issues appeal to us. There is no doubt that if any architectura l design can consider the cultural and environmental factors, then there will be a built environment which is acceptable and friendly and at the same time matching with the existing infrastructures in the environment. References Denyer S 1978. African Traditional Architecture. New York: African Company, pp. 14-22 Dovey, Kim.2010. Becoming Places: Urbanism/Architecture/Identity/Power. London, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, David M.2013. A Place to Call Home: Identiï ¬ cation with Dwelling, Community, and Region. The Sociological Quarterly, Nr. 1, 111–131 Ferrigni, F., & European University Centre for the Cultural Heritage. (2005). Ancient buildings and earthquakes: Reducing the vulnerability of historical built- up environment by recovering the local seismic culture; principles, methods, potentialities. Bari: Edipuglia. Alamo, A. M. A., O’Reilly, W., & Noschis, K. (2002). Architectural education today: Cross-cultural perspectives. Lausanne: Comportments. Konya Allan 1980. Design Primer for Hot Climates. London: Architectural Press Limited, P. 33, 37, 38. Dillion,J. & Salvage, M. 1998. â€Å"Tangentyere council† in Architectural Review, Octomber, pp.96-97.Dillion,J. & Salvage, M. 2003, â€Å"House Design in Alice Springs Town Camps† in Take Housing Design and indigenous Australia, eds P. Memmott & C. Chambers, The Royal Australian Institute Of Architects, Red. Cowlishaw, G.(1999). Rednecks, Eggheads and Blackfellas A Study of Racial Power and Intimacy in Australia. Allen and Unwin. Fantin, S. (2003a). Aboriginal identities in architecture. Architecture Australia, 92(5):84–87. Source document

Development of the Bill of Rights

When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government.Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests.George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting â€Å"the Liberty and Happiness of the people. † Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states.Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so.From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers.Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is , that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government.As James Madison expressed it, â€Å"If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. † Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. â€Å"Although nine of th e thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council.This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality.For instanc e, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles.The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system.Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded.Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery.In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged.The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congre ssional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v.Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities.In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him.The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the â€Å"separate but equal† principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s.Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of â€Å"separate but equal† in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v.Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and â€Å"with all deliberate speed†. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly.Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on th eir gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of women's rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that women's rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many women's rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment.Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturne d the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v.Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U.S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Throug h a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v.Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Streng thening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged.The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall †¦ be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦.†Practically, th is statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed., 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W.   1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74

Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Working Capital Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Working Capital - Coursework Example Inventory forms a major component of the working capital accounting process and hence is considered to be an asset for the company that will generate additional cash flow when cash flow is realized (Mulford & Comiskey, 2005). Working capital and inventory have somewhat of a symbiotic relationship where inventory is accounted within the current assets side of the working capital measurement formula (Schroeder, Clark & Cathay, 2011). Working capital is measured as current assets minus current liabilities. Organizations that have large amounts of sales are often left with huge inventory positions. This brings in a huge change in the working capital position of the company. Hence we understand how inventory can be used to manipulate liquidity position while calculating working capital (Narayanan & Nanda, 2004). It is argued that inventory should not be included while calculating for working capital to determine the liquidity positions of the company. A far better representation of company’s liquidity is the quick ratio where inventories are removed. The rationale behind such argument is as below. Inventory is generally considered on the asset side of the balance sheet under the current asset subhead. The logic behind being that inventories are finished goods or work in progress that shall get sold and liquidated soon and shall there by generate revenue causing a positive cash flow to the business. However, certain corporations also consider inventory as current liability. Their argument is that inventories can be used in exchange of bills payable and such other short term loans which becomes a liability for the business unless it is paid off. Also as per the ASB opinion 9, current liabilities are classified as obligations theta are expected to be liquidated within a period of one year or the normal operating cycle (US GAAP, n.d.). Hence inventory inclusion might also create

Biology with citation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology with citation - Essay Example However, when oxygen is present in a very less quantity inside the muscle cells, they temporarily convert pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown for energy. This is also called as anaerobic energy production and as a result lactic acid is accumulated inside the muscle cells. Well, I was gasping because, I needed more oxygen to supply to my body cells for aerobic respiration and my legs were shaking because of a freight hormone, adrenaline – it is released when one feels some kind of fear, for example, examination fear in this case. In addition, the lactic acid accumulation increases the acidity of the muscle cells and disrupts other metabolites, and the muscle strains occur. 2.Deltoid is a three-headed muscle that caps the shoulder. The three heads are anterior, lateral and posterior heads. The anterior head is attached to the humerus, the lateral originates on the collarbone and the posterior head originates on the scapula. The deltoid muscle is a mover and a stabilizer, as it lifts the arm up and it also helps press the end of the upper arm bone into the shoulder socket. Since it has got three heads, the muscle can easily extend and flex the arm. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a poisonous chemical found mostly within the liver, ovaries, intestines and skin. This chemical is found in Fugu – a puffer fish. The fish is really tasty but it may contain poisonous parts if sold by unlicensed vendors and unskilled preparation of puffer fish. TTX chemical is heat stable and its poisonous nature is not neutralized even after cooking fish. TTX binds to and blocks Sodium channels found on tissues such as nerves and muscles. The blockage of sodium entry through these ion channels makes these tissues non-functional. If a person consumes such toxins, the severity of the symptoms depends on the amount of TTX consumed. Since there is no antitoxin available against TTX, the treatment is largely supportive by

Development Appraisal and Cost Forecasting Research Paper

Development Appraisal and Cost Forecasting - Research Paper Example The rent that can be acquired on the site will be 3190 per square meter. This makes the developer to get the capital back in 8.6 years. The profits start from 9 the year. According to the third unit the developing, investment and rental activities are not feasible. The developer can choose between the above two options and can decide on it. As per the competition he cannot get the bid less than the 22353.84 GBP per square metre. By calculating the profit the investment can be compared with the A out of the comparables given to compare the rental activity. This is because the rent is higher in that case and the developer is using steel and dress stones to clad externals. The maximum bid that can be offered to get the bid can be decided by taking into account that the pension fund is offering 610 basis points above LIBOR. This will make the investment of 27500 GBP per square meter increased by 2612.5 GBP per square meter. The maximum investment the developer can offer per square meter to get the bid is 30112.5 GBP. To this the other charges should be added. They are architect costs, solicitor costs, VAT, valuation fee stamp duty and LIBOR and they amount to 19.35 percent. This increases the amount to be invested per square meter to 35984.4375 GBP per square meter. The developer cannot invest or bid more than this per square meter. Any customer can invest 2.5 times the disposal price to buy a flat. ... Any customer can invest 2.5 times the disposal price to buy a flat. This gives 1,25,000 GBP for each flat and the revenue on selling the total 6 flats will be 7,50,000 GBP. The cost of land is 3,88,000 GBP. The profit of the company if the flats are sold for 7,50,000 GBP should be 165000 GBP. The cost of the flats for the company should be 585000 GBP. The cost of built ceiling shouldbe 585000 - 388000 = 197000 GBP. The company should built the flats at the cost not more than 1,97,000 GBP. 3. Anticipated Profit from Scheme Cost of site = 470000 + charges = 470000+11750+ 7050+82250 + 2500 = 573550 GBP The cost of interest rate 10 percent per annum. This makes the total cost of site = 659582.5 GBP. The expected rentals on each office space developed by client = 7500 x 25 x 12 + 500 = 2250500 GBP per year. 1 acre = 4046.9 square metre 2 acres = 8093.8 square metres. The developer is anticipating 7.5 percent of profit. In the coming 3 years of time. The cost of land is 573550 GBP The rentals can be acquired in 3 years = 6751500 GBP. The cost f built should be not more than 6751500 - 573550 = 6177950 GBP. The anticipated profit of the developer will be 573550 GBP in a three years period. Section B The wall area of the building I = 2x22/7x 11.25 x 2.3 = 162.64 Square metres The floor area of the building I = 22/7x 11.25 x 11.25 = 397.76 Square metres. The wall to floor ratio = 0.40. This implies that the building is stable regarding the wall to floor ratio. The wall area of the building ii = 80 x 2.3 = 184 square metres The floor area of the building ii = 20 x 20 = 400 square metres. The wall to floor area ratio is = 0.46. though this is substantially stable and efficient, the stability is les than the i building. The wall area of

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Statements - Essay Example Yet, as much as they try to be absolutely accurate, the American Institute of Accountants has said, "They (financial statements) reflect a combination of recorded facts and accounting conventions and personal judgments; and judgments and conventions applied affect them materially" (cited in Yamamoto 2000 ch5). It is the job of the accountant to use sound personal judgment to quantify a company's finances to assure they are accurate and truthful. To understand the importance of the financial statement it's necessary to examine the information it contains and how it is utilized. Many people view financial statements as a picture of absolute financial accuracy. They do contain statements on sales, expenses, assets, and liabilities. The numbers all match and balance. However, according to Hooke, "... a fair number of accounts rely heavily on the educated judgment of management and the corporate auditor" (Hooke 1998 p.153). The accountant assures that these educated judgments are a fair representation of the company's financial status. When a financial statement is read, there are assumptions made that help to accurately interpret the numbers. By the use of conventions, statements are standardized to assure that they will present an accurate view of the business. One convention is that asset value is based on the original value. No account would be taken due to changing prices over time. Equipment would be depreciated against its original cost, not the replacement cost. Another common convention is that transactions are recorded when they are completed, not when the money changes hands. Sales can be recorded even though payment may not be due for several months. The accountant's personal judgment that adheres to the concepts and conventions of accounting can help assure that the financial statement will present a true and fair view of a business's activities. The financial statement is made up of several key components. They usually include a balance sheet, a profit and loss account, a cash flow statement, and an equity statement. They will also include complex explanatory notes and disclaimers, which serve to clarify the accuracy of the numbers. Taken together, these items form the core of the financial statement. The balance sheet in its simplest form is a statement of the assets a firm owns and who finances their ownership. It is a balance of assets and liabilities. Assets are the aggregate value of land, buildings, vehicles, equipment, and debtors. Liabilities are what the firm is liable for. Liabilities include loans, debt, and shareholder equity. Though the balance sheet indicates the value to the business' assets and the full extent of ownership and funding, it should not be confused with a valuation statement (Tiffin 2004 p.198). There are several conventions for formatting a balance sheet, though the IASB has made some attempt at harmonizing them. In the UK, the generally accepted layout is the published accounts format. It contains fixed assets such as land and buildings and the intangible assets of goodwill. It also shows the total amount of investment assets. The liabilities are broken down into capital, profit or loss, and creditors. To this point the financial statement is little more than common bookkeeping. A firm records it income and records and classifies its expenses. Yet, this simplistic approach does not serve the

Digital Forensic Incident Response Research Paper

Digital Forensic Incident Response - Research Paper Example eader with a more detailed understanding the way in which an IT firm could seek to abide by the instructions and determinants of the job at hand; all the while protecting themselves from further legal entanglement and seeking to provide a high quality output so that the case in question can be determined based upon its own merits and not biased by any degree of overlooked or misinformed information gathering. Essentially, the approach that will be utilized as a means of gaining the affected information will be twofold. The first will be contingent upon engaging with mobile phone providers and email providers as a function of retaining the information in question, within the date range in question, and between the people in question. The second will be contingent upon a more high tech approach in which individual laptops, company computers, and mobile phones will be subpoenaed by the court for further analysis by the IT firm. In this way a level of double certainty can be provided tha t any and all communication between interested individuals can be represented. In tandem with the low-tech approach that has been stipulated, the majority of data analysis and retrieval will not be conducted by the IT firm itself; instead, this information will be provided to the IT firm by mobile phone providers and email providers related to the case in question. Essentially, once a verifiable war it has been presented to the stakeholders, the information will need to be categorized and represented based upon the timeframe that the case is specifically interested in. Although this is a fairly simple aspect of the process that is being defined within this analysis, it is absolutely essential to ensure that further litigation against the IT firm does not take place. This is due to the fact that the court has only appointed a specific range and time for these email and text message conversations to be analyzed. Specifically, the court has indicated that text messages and emails

Wholesalers in the business world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wholesalers in the business world - Essay Example But they have certainly been around for centuries. The role they have played depended largely on the merchandise or service they represented. â€Å"Wholesaling includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or business use (Kotler 532)†. There are three main differences between wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers are not concerned about the location of their establishment, the ambience or about promotion, because their customers are resellers and not the final consumer. The transactions of wholesalers are usually bigger than retail transactions, and they cover a much larger geographic area. Even governments treat wholesalers differently, in that the tax and legal parameters concerning them are different from those for retailers. As we will see later in this paper, there are different types of wholesalers, providing a variety of services. Some wholesalers provide selling and promoting services. These services complement the functions of manufacturers who cannot attend to these functions themselves for whatever reasons. Sometimes manufacturers are compelled to use these services of wholesalers, as local customers are more prepared to trust a local wholesaler, than some far away manufacturer. Wholesalers offer their customers a wider choice. By representing many manufacturers, they are able to offer customers the wares of all the entities they represent. Sometimes wholesalers buy in bulk, and offer their customer smaller units of a product – quantities that customers cannot buy - by approaching manufacturers directly. Wholesalers also offer inventory holding services and transportation. Wholesalers sometimes render financing services by offering credit terms to their customers. They also assist their customers by providing them market intelligence. In addition, they counsel their customers on such topics as inventory management, operational excellence and store layout and displays. There are

United States Essay Example for Free

United States Essay Nowadays most of students after graduating high school start to think and infer which college or university will offer education and affordable tuition. Some future students decide on its prestige, well known student life, or the distance from home to school. When I graduated from high school, I had to decide stay in my native country and study at the university or come over to the United States of America. I chose being in the USA and study at Lone Star College for many reasons. First reason why I chose to attend this college is the unique distance. I would say I drive from my house to school approximately for 3 minutes or  even can take a walk for 10 minutes. That is amazing when you get to school in a couple minutes and you do not have to stick in permanent heavy traffic in the morning or afternoon. When school is close to the house, students will not have problems with attendance. Another reason was incredibly low tuition fee because it is pretty minor for international students. Even when student has financial problems, this college has all financial helps. For instance, scholarships and loans are available for students. All these financial help open doors for every student  who is interested in being educated. Finally I chose this college because all my major classes are in one campus. My prospective major is petroleum engineering, so I spend lots of time in the library studying math and other subjects. I am very lucky that I do not need to waste my precious time being stuck in traffic before I get from one campus to another. Lone Star College is the best community college and I suggest for future students choose very carefully their colleges or universities. There are lots of colleges with their unique teachers and students and it is not easy to make a decision.

English Is Declining Essay Example for Free

English Is Declining Essay From Indo-European to Germanic, from Anglo-Saxon to the English of Chaucer, from Shakespeare to Henry James, English language is rich and extremely malleable that has survived barbarian invasions. â€Å"Language is the most important and the most powerful weapon in the hands of a state that has decided to transform human beings† (qtd. in p. 79 John Rodden). I have noticed that the languages being used in old time movies sound more articulate and powerful than the languages we use today. George Orwell described many of the â€Å"bad habits† in English writings in â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. Some other people argue that the information age, for various technological and cultural reasons, has launched English into a new creative state. In his essay â€Å"Politics and the English Language†, George Orwell pointed out two qualities of the five specimens of the English language have in common (473). The first is staleness of imagery; the other is lack of precision. He also said that â€Å"if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. It is important to write in honest and clear language and vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation. † â€Å"Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. † (478) On the contrary, younger generations living in the new technology world think that a language lives, and will be subject to change. Jack G. Ganssle, a lecturer and consultant on embedded development issues, wrote that â€Å"Technology is leading to the total breakdown in the use of English. † He complains that â€Å"writing itself is degenerating as it mirrors the every-changing argot of the common person, as if there is some gold standard that statically defines a language for all time. Most of us accept the evolution of language over time. † He also used his favorite movie â€Å"The Mikado† as an example to justify his thoughts. In the movie, Gilbert’s cantankerous father scoffs at his son’s use of the newly-invented telephone, sniffing that â€Å"it will only lead to the further erosion of the English language. † And clearly the grumpy old man was wrong. I agree that the invention of the telephone is the most remarkable innovation in the history of mankind. Jack G. Ganssle used it as an example to imply that time would prove he is right on technology changes the way English is used. People like George Orwell and his supporters are not open minded to accept the change and development of new concepts in the world and still stick to the old rules. What Ganssle did not realize is that the invention of the telephone is not just a pure new technology, it enhanced the way how people communicate each other. Before the invention, people had to meet and talk, or rely on mailmen to deliver letters to each other. After the use of telephone, it made communication much easier and faster. People do talk and communicate much more than before. New technology might provide more channels people communicate each other, but it can’t replace the role of English language plays in people’s life. It is not the media that matters; it is the English language people use that matters. Interestingly, referring back to Orwell’s viewpoint on political writing I would like to ask Jack G. Ganssle and his supporters a question, â€Å"What would you do to deal with the fact that North Korea conducted asecond test of a nuclear weapon on May 26, 2009? † Text messaging â€Å"OMG! Stop it! †? That’s about the best method I can think of by your theory. Evidence shows that English is declining worldwide. The Philippines have been known for having the highest standard of English in Asia. According to Jonny in Manila, â€Å"English as a subject has suffered from lack of money, along with public education as a whole. † â€Å"The government-approved textbooks they will study illustrate the problem. A passage in one for 8-year-olds reads: â€Å"The dog rolled on the floor so fast and fell on the ground. There he laid yelling louder than ever. The dog yelled on top of his voice. † A book for 11-year-olds advises, mysteriously, â€Å"Just remember this acronym—DOCSiShQACNMN—to make it easy for you to remember the order of adjectives in a series. † I heard about a mother who sent her kid to school with the swine flu since she couldn’t afford to pay a babysitter to look after her sick child and she couldnt afford to stay home from work. If people dont even care enough to make tough decisions about the safety of their children, and other peoples children, how can proper education be made a priority? People are more money oriented and materialistic than they were before. Statistics also shows that by comparison, people nowadays study for future careers instead of self-interests developing. This also resulted in the declining of English. William M. Chace wrote, â€Å"The stability of these ideas in the postwar years, from the late 1940s until the early 1970s, permitted the spectacular growth in English departments. The number of English majors spurted up from 17,000 to 64,000 and the number of graduate students from 230 to 1,591. But by 1985/86, the number of undergraduate English majors had fallen back to 34,000, despite a hefty increase in total nationwide undergraduate enrollment. In the foreign languages, philosophy, and history, the story was the same: impressive growth followed by swift decline. The history of enrollments reveals, then, that the study of English and American literature enjoyed only a momentary glamour. † He also pointed out â€Å"Finding pleasure in such reading, and indeed in majoring in English, was a declaration at the time that education was not at all about getting a job or securing one’s future. In comparison with the pre-professional ambitions that dominate the lives of American undergraduates today, the psychological condition of students of the time was defined by self-reflection, innocence, and a casual irresponsibility about what was coming next. † Yes the new technologies have brought the whole world into a new era. There are much more temptations out there for people to own. When I was a kid, a plastic gun was good enough for me to enjoy my whole childhood. We played with dirt, with sand and water, with whatever the nature could offer. Parents and neighbors got together with kids reading stories. Let’s take a look at what kids grow up with today. Video games, cell phones, computers and internet. I am thrilled for the change and I also enjoy it. It seems like if all things around us start talking and listening meaningfully and we have enough bandwidth, there will be no need for reading or writing skills for most people. Road signs will be replaced by talking GPS. It sounds like a fantastic world. We have so many crutches to assist us in our daily life. People no longer need to memorize anything on their own. All you have to do is to make enough money in order to be able to afford them. I do enjoy the convenience and efficiency the advanced technology brings to us. Yet I pray every day there better be no power outage. We had a couple power outages in the server room at work these days. Guess what, I couldn’t do anything but wait for the power coming back since all my stuff are stored in company’s intranet and I can’t get connected to the server to extract the information to work on. Can you imagine what the world would be like if one day our crutches are not working properly? Would it be too late to find out we cannot even communicate properly on our own? I am in favor of George Orwell’s viewpoint. We ought to be able to speak and write English properly and precisely. New technologies can’t replace the power of English language. Works Cited Rodden, John. Scenes from an afterlife: the legacy of George Orwell. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2003 Orwell, George. â€Å"Politics and the English Language. † Acting on Words: An integrated Rhetoric, Reader and Handbook. 2nd ed. Ed. David Brundage and Michael Lahey. Toronto: Pearson, 2009 471-81 Chace, William M. â€Å"The Decline of the English Department: How it happened and what could be done to reverse it† Autumn 2009 http://www. theamericanscholar. org/the-decline-of-the-english- department/ Ganssle, Jack. â€Å"The further decline of English. Technology is leading to the total breakdown in the use of English. Or something. † Nov. 2, 2005 http://www. embedded-systems. com/columns/embeddedpulse/173402052 Jonny. â€Å"Philippines: The Declining Standard of English† June 17, 2009 http://jonnynz. blogspot. com/2009/06/philippines-declining-standard-of. html

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Cardiovascular Devices Chiara Tarenghi When a patient suffers from critical conditions which prevent to lungs or heart to work properly and to grant adequate blood flow and oxygen supply, either because of congenital disease, surgery or other reasons (severe pneumonia, sepsis, heart malformations, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Respiratory Distress Syndrome ), a mechanical circulatory support is needed to take over temporarily the cardiopulmonary functions. These devices are known as extracorporeal life support (ECLS). ECMO is an invasive, non-therapeutic technique, consists essentially of an artificial external lung, a membrane oxygenator, which reproduces the physiological function of the gas exchange in the lungs (the blood releases CO2 and gains O2 according to the partial pressure gradient). It has successfully been employed as a bridge to recovery, cardiac transplantation, or implantation of a ventricular assist device, and it has met great application in paediatric surgery field (i.e. premature infants). It grants a steady amount of oxygen to the body while resting   and recover the lungs and heart. The device pumps blood from the body through the oxygenator with a roller pump (or a centrifugal pump, which causes major haemolysis though). There are three types of oxygenator commercially available: bubble oxygenator ( the gas is bubbled into blood), membrane oxygenator (allows exchanges of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane of silicon rubber that completely separates gas and blood), and hollow fibres oxygenator (fibres of PVC or PTFE hollow inside and semipermeable to gases). The blood is then warmed up through a heat exchanger (a coiled tubing containing warm water flowing counter current) and is injected back into the body. Each section of the machine is connected through cannulae. The blood flow is monitored continuamente to avoid the presence of microscopic air bubbles, thrombi and other emboli. Hazardous occlusions of tubing or thrombosis are detected by pressure monitors. Before letting blood flow through the tubes, the latter are primed by flushing with CO2 and then with crystalloid prime, albumin (to limit platelets adherence) and finally blood. The flow and amount of oxygenation is adjusted according to the needs of the patient. As the heart function improves, the flow is lowered. Blood volume can be assessed by urine output and central venous and mean arterial pressure. After a few days of mechanical assistance, the device is usually removed. ECMO is a valid alternative to pulmonary ventilation, since the latter pushes oxygen into patients lungs, regulating its amount and pressure, but high gas pressure could further damage lungs. Risks associated to ECMO include blood clot formation (which is prevented through anticoagulant like heparin) and, related to this, haemorrhage, infection, transfusions problems (thromboembolism and related stroke or ischaemia), mechanical failures. There are different ways of perfusion : ECMO VENO ARTERIAL (VA) : It requires three tubes to be inserted, venous blood is removed from the right atrium or vena cava, passing through the   jugular or femoral vein, and returned to ascending aorta (central ECMO) or femoral artery (peripheral artery). It is a hemodynamic and respiratory support for patients suffering from cardiogenic shock, sepsis, severe pneumonia, persistent pulmonary hypertension. Advantages: Low cost, can be applied to children and adults, support double heart and lungs. Disadvantages: It is more invasive than VV ECMO is a complex circuit, can cause embolism, neurological complications and require a sternotomy. ECMO VENO VENOUS   (VV):   In this case two tubes are inserted into the largest veins as jugular or femoral, but most often a single Y shaped cannula is inserted in the both veins. Blood is drained from the vena cava , blood is returned through the right atrium into the tricuspid valve. It is only a respiratory support for patients suffering from severe respiratory failure, asthmas, persistent pulmonary hypertension. Disadvantages: No cardiac support. ARTERIO VENUS   (AV):uses patients arterial pressure to pump the blood from artery to vein, it can be used only as a short-term support.

Essay --

Cancer can develop anywhere in the body. Cells grow abnormally and become cancerous because of environmental factors, such as smoking cigarettes and exposure to radiation; genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and even just luck (Stern et al., 2004). Even though genetics play the primary role in the development of cancer, the environment in which one lives also contributes to the chances of getting cancer. Some of the environmental factors that influence the development of cancer include alcohol use, obesity, asbestos, HIV, and Down’s syndrome. Cancer affects people of all ages. In infants and children, genetic abnormalities are generally the primary cause of cancer. Individuals over the age of 55 years old make up more than 80% of all cancers (Stern et al., 2004). 2.3 MYTHS ABOUT CANCER According to Aronson (2010), cancer is a humiliating and punishing disease as its treatments often deny people of the organs that give them their gender-identity, their sense of wholeness, and beauty. After treatment, patients also often feel less than whole. For them, cancer is not just a physical disease but rather a state of mind and a reason for societal quarantine and judgment. It is not discussed freely or accepted objectively. Cancer is seen as a "taint" upon the family, just as HIV is viewed as a disease that needs to be hidden away. There are many misconceptions across all ethnic and racial groups regarding cancer. Many believe that since no one in their family previously had cancer, then they would not get cancer. People also have a false impression that if they are healthy then they would not develop cancer (McGarvey & Brenin, 2005). According to Frymark, there are three chief myths about cancer: 1. Although chemothera... ...e. Among the members of the Solanaceae family, Solanumaculeastrumwas the most common plant used for the treatment of cancer (Koduru, Grierson & Afolayan, 2007). Scientists these days are also investigating traditional medicine for anti-cancerous effects. A popular ayurvedic herb Ashwagandha, frequently known as â€Å"Indian Winter cherry† or â€Å"Indian Ginseng† is used in ayurvedic medicine in a way similar to that Panax ginseng used in traditional Chinese medicine. This herb is normally used for its wide range of health advantages. Withaferin A, which derived from this medicinal plant, it often used for its anti-tumorigenic activity against various cancer cells. Withaniasomnifera flowers are small and green and the roots are mostly used for medicinal purposes. It is cultivated in the drier regions of India such as Punjab and Rajasthan (Singh, Verma, Pandey & Gilca, 2011).

Indian Suffrage Essay examples -- essays research papers

Indian Suffrage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the English arrived in the New world and began creating colonies, the American Indians lived in harmony and peace with natures. The American Indians were skilled hunters, farmers and used everything in their environment for survival or for essential necessities. They shared the land together and moved about freely in search of food. The American Indians never considered the lands their property because it's belong to God and no one have the right to buy, sell, nor own it. However, Europeans has an opposite view of Indians beliefs, cultures, and use of lands. They viewed Indians as children, savage- uncivilized people in need of their protection and salvation (Carroll and Noble: 30). Therefore, they felt it is their responsibility to civilize the Indian and put their lands into good uses. Hence, American Indians suffrages and nightmares began. The impact of American expansion has turned upon the Indians and confronted them with social and economic crises never before experienced. As a result, many tribes torn apart, in many cases extinct, and their identity was lost. Indians also lost their original lands as a result of direct and indirect contact with the Europeans. The whites wanted more lands for their developments, and because of this greed, they created direct policies to clear the Indians off their lands. For example, one form of direct policy that the whites used to rob Indians of their lands was by signing treaties. Then later the whites broke these treaties and forced Indian off their lands by the Removal policy and claimed the lands as their property (Lowy: Lecture 11/96). There were many indirect methods that white used to rob Indians' lands. They use bribery, threats, and among countless other things to trick Indians into giving up their lands. They were often tricked into signing the land cession treaties that they did not understand the negotiation and the language (Lowy: Lecture 11/6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many ways, the United States policy toward Indian has been schizophrenic because the laws never completely nor attempted to give Indians an opportunity to progress and assimilate into American mainstream as an individual. From time to time, whites creates many policies, such as the reservation, relocation, and termination in an effort to assimilate the Indians into the Americ... ...using their own lands, while the whites over exploited the lands for profits. Whites also passed laws restricting Indians trading opportunities. Also, Indians lives were greatly affected by the extermination of buffalo. Yet, while Indians dependent greatly on buffalo for their main source of food, clothing, and many inedible by-products, the white destroyed them in massive number as hunting sport. A final form, cultural genocide, it explains how Indians' languages, religions, values, and cultures was lost or drastically swapped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to the Red Power Movement and many other Indians movements, their efforts have strengthened the prospects for Indian self-determination in the political, economic, education and religious realm. They have helped to make Indian people more visible to the whites and whites began to realize that Indian was our first and natural citizen. However, the government in particular, owns it to the Indians to give them an opportunity to be a full participant in economic, political, and education. They need to put into practice and to bring to fruition some of the reforms and treaties with the American Indians that are long overdue.

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

Capital Punishments Capital punishment is one of the most discussed and argued issue around the world, probably because of it is crucial diversity. The main reason why people have different point of views is based on the cultural, economic, political and social diversity in today’s societies. For example; how is your status in society? Rich people tend to favor the capital punishment, compared to the minorities with poor economic background. Same as Republicans vs. Liberals, Republicans’ tend to have a more positive attitude towards these kind of disciplinary actions compared to the Liberals. The reason why this issue never been solved is because there is no right answer to the question. It’s up to every person to decide what ever they believe is the right or most appropriate penalty for murder. Even the States disagree on this issue. There is an obvious characteristic between the States that favor and disfavor the death penalty. The Southern States tend to favor the penalty compared to the Northern States. There are 37 States that have Capital punishment and 82 % of all executions since 1976 have occurred in Southern States. In New England, only Connecticut still enforces capital punishment. Does it really affect the criminals of the society? Does it really work as a deterrence to commit crimes? Unfortunately the answer is NO. The States who implemented capital punishments have shown no trends of decreased crime rate. In Florida, the murder rates have increased the last three years even though an increases number of people have been executed over the same time period. So, if it not deters crime, why continue to follow the same path. An answer to that is that it still makes people feel more relaxed and secured when they know their State gives the criminals death penalty. The difference between the costs of executing a person compared to give him/her a life time sentence is incredible. The State of Kansas made a survey comparing the costs in 2004, which demonstrated that capital punishment is many times more expensive. For example, the investigation costs are 3 times greater, the trial cost is 16 times greater, the appeal cost is 21 times greater and finally it takes an average of 34 days in a capital punishment trial compared to 9 days in a non-death trial (according to DPIC). As we can see the main factor that brings up the costs for capital punishment is not the execution itself, it is the trial process.

Employee Welfare

1. 1 WHAT IS WELFARE Welfare  is the provision of a minimal level of  well-being  and social support  for all citizens, sometimes referred to as  public aid. In most developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government, in addition to  charities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations. The work place should provide reasonable amenities for its good working. The betterment of workers conditions must produce more from the employer down rather than the forced up by demand from below. It is also important because the labour is contented.Well housed, well fed, well looked after it is not only an asset to the labour in the country. Therefore welfare is also fundamentally in the interest of the large society as the health, happiness and efficieny of each individual contributes the general well being of all. The concept of welfare is dynamic in nature and vary from country to country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on the value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level social and economic development.According to Frederic Engels, â€Å" labour is the source of all wealth it is next to nature , which supplies with the materials that it converts in to wealth but it is even definitely more than this†. 1. 2 EMPLOYEE WELFARE Employee welfare work aims at providing such service facilities and amenities to the workers employed in factories and industries healthy, congenial surroundings conductive to good health and high moral. The aim or objectives of welfare activities is partly humanistic to enable the workers to enjoy a fuller and richer life.The relevant and necessity of welfare work in India ,can be easily realized if one observe pitiable working condition of workers in the country. Stable and effective labour force cannot be build up with an improvement in the condition of life and work in the industrial centre. The development of co mmunity and society depends on the development of labour . The importance of labour welfare is beyond the stage is debate and is recognized on as integrate part of industrial tradition in all industrially advances countries.Labour is the vital part of business part of organizationand management , and now a day attach more importance to human angel . Increases the productivity , as well as productive efficiently of the workers and induce in them new spirit self realization . The importance of welfare measures was accept was early as 1931, when the labour commission on labour stated that, the benefits which go under thus nomenclature of great importance workers of which he is unable to secure by himself.Labour welfare is one of the major determinants of industrial relation. Encyclopedia of social sciences defines welfare workers as â€Å"voluntary efforts of the employer to establish with in existing industrial system , working and sometime living and cultural condition of the employ ers beyond what is required by law. The welfare of labouring classes must be one of the first carriers of every employee. The betterment of workers condition must preceed more from the employees. The work space should provide with reasonable amenities for his essential needs.The concept of welfare and dynamic in nature and vary from country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on is value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level of social and economic development. Welfare activities are partly humanitarian partly economic and partly civil. It is humanitarian as its aim is providing certain facilities and amenities of life to the workers which they themselves cannot provide; it promotes a sense of responsibility and dignity among workers and to make them better citizen.According to Frederic Engles, â€Å"labour is the source of all wealth; it is next to nature , which supplies its material that convert in to wealth . But it is even definitely more than this. † 1. 3 WELFARE AS CONCEPTS Indian national congress in its karachi resolution stated that the self guard in the interest of the industrial workers and shall secure then by suitable legislation , by the living wage. Healthy working condition and limited hours of work, suitable machinery for settlement of disputes between employees and workmen and protest against old age sickness and unemployment .Anything done for intellectual , physical and moral and economic betterment of the workers , whether by employers, by the govt. or by the other agencies over and above what is laid down by the laws of the land, is labour welfare. International organization report refers with regard to labour welfare as â€Å"such service facilities and amenities which may be established in or in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the persons employed in perform their working healthy, congenial surroundings and provided with amenities conductive to good health a nd high moral. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY * It helps to improve recruitment. As the job becomes more attractive, more efficient employees can be recruited. * Employee welfare improves the morale and loyalty of workers by making them happy and satisfied. * It reduces labor turnover and absenteeism thereby building a stable workforce. * It helps to increase employee productivity or efficiency by improving their physical and mental health. 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry.The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy. Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. 1. 6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labou r welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievences and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. 1. 7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY * Only 40 respondents were selected for the study due to time constraints. * The duration of the time for the study was limited and hence elaborate and imprehensive project survey was not undertaken. * The findings were drawn based on the feed back received through the questionnaires. Interaction with the company professionals was limited, due to their busy schedule. * Information obtained is depended on satisfaction level of the respondent. The reliability of the result of the study depends on the reliability of the answers of the respondents were reluc tant to give information. 2. 1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE World production and consumption of rubber continued to increase in 2008. The ISRG (International Rubber Study Group) estimated that the production would breach the 20 million tonnes level to breach 20. 12 million tonnes of rubber were estimated to be consumed in 2007, of which 41. % was natural rubber. Latex market report gives a comprehensive introduction to both natural and synthetic polymer in one volume. This is a hot subject because of tremendous change in the market. These have increased from the increased use of disposable gloves in the medical industry. Latex products are being used excessively as alternatives to solvent based system such as adhesives, sealants and coatings, because of global legislation concerning the use of volatile flammable solvents. The range of application of latex is extensive.Polymer Lattices are used in paints and coatings ,textiles ,non-wovens packing, construction (mainly in adhesives and binders) , furniture, packing, paper, medical equipments,personnel equipment ,carpet, backing,adhesives, polish,belts. The global annual consumption of natural rubber latex is running at just over 7 million tonnes. Natural rubber is particularly widely used in medical gloves and condom applications. Gloves are by far the largest market sector, consuming around 60%by weight . This is a very competetive market and much of the production industry has being moved to Asia to reduce costs.WORLD RUBBER PRODUCTION In 1991 Thailand replaced Malaysia as the top producer and exporter of natural rubber products. This has been the result of re-planning program. A majority of Thailand rubber plantations are located in southern part of the country. Thailand leads the rubber producing countries in research and development of natural rubber. This makes Thai natural rubber the most dependable and consistent. A majority of rubber products are exported in their raw from such as technically specified rubbers: ST R ,Skim Block,ADS ,Crape and concentrate Latex . Exports account for 90% of natural rubber production .The remaining 10% is utilised domestically, 55% of this amount is processes as value added goods . Major manufactured rubber are tyres and inner rubber tubes for automotives. 2. 2 COMPANY PROFILE 2. 2. 1 About the organization Safe Care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd started its production during the year 2006. It is situated in Cochin Special Economic Zone, Kochi. The products manufactured in this company are pre-powdered and powdered free latex, examination and surgical gloves. It is registered under the factory’s act. The company’s investment in land and building is 50 lakhs and plant and machinery is 114 lakhs.The annual turnover of the company in the year 2007-08 is Rs. 460 lakhs. The raw materials and equipments used are latex,sulphur,PHT, power free chlorination machine, tensile tester ,air nozzles, physical dimension testing equipments. Its product is exported to Eu rope ,African countries , Latin America. Safe care subscribes to a philosophy â€Å"Quest for Excellence† which ensures that its customer received not only good quality product but also excellent service. Safe care believes in cost effectiveness through effective operation ,timely deliveries and prompt corresspondence . 00% customer satisfaction is their primary motto. The â€Å"Quest for Excellence† has earned the prestigious ISO 9001:2000 certificate from TUV suddeutschland ,Germany and regitration of factory with US FDA -510K. The sterile and non-sterile products are CE certified. Indian Rubber Board has examined the gloves and confirmed that surgical and examination gloves meet ASTM D 357 and D 3575 , EN 455 standards. 2. 2. 2 OBJECTIVES OF SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD * To become a leading player through providing rubber products mainly gloves through out the world market. * To maximise the return on investment. To achieve the international levels of excellen ce in quality. * To engage in a wide span of business activity through socially accepted way. 2. 2. 3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Safe care rubber products pvt. ltd has a simple organizational structure with two directors Sri. Anil Kumar and Sri. Joseph at the top level management. The directors are jointly responsible for the decisions and all the decisions are taken together . The director of administration is in charge of all the overall operations and publications. The day to day operations and controls are carried out under his supervision .The other director is in charge of the production and function of the firm. In the middle level management they have two managers Sri. Sukumaran and Smt. Kavitha Anilkumar one in charge of the administration and other is the production manager or the foreman. The manager of administration is in charge of overall administration of the production , purchases, human resources and a link between the lower level and the top level management. The for eman is in charge of overall production and the production line. Both of them report to the top management directly.The lower level management is filled up by the office Staff and head of laboratory and inspection and supervisors . They all report to the managers of administration who acts as the link for them with the top management. 2. 2. 4 VARIETIES OF RUBBER The varieties of rubber are : Natural Latex: This is a white fluid obtained from the rubber tree. It contains small particles of rubber dispersed in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium also contains plant proteins which are thought to be responsible for triggering of allergy. Natural Rubber : This include all material made from containing Latex.Natural rubber is made by two processes, the natural rubber latex process (NRL) and dry natural rubber process (DNR). DNR Process This involves compressing the rubber at a high temperature and pressure. The plant protein responsible for allergy are denatured at these temperature , a nd pressure and therefore pose a lower risk than rubber made by NRL process. NRL process This involves the use of natural latex in a concentrated colloidal suspension. This type of latex contains a much greater proportion of plant proteins than latex produced by the DNR process.Most immediate type reaction results from exposure to NRL products. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it, the researcher explains the various steps that are generally adopted in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. PURPOSE OF STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labour welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occ urred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievances and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. SCOPE OF STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry. The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy.Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the agreement for the conditions and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevances to the research purpose with the economy in procedure . It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitues that blue print for the collection , measurement and analysis of data. The research design here is exploratory re search, the focus is on the discovery of ideas.An exploratory research is to generate new ideas,respondents should be given sufficient freedom to express themselves. PILOT STUDY Interview with worker and manager revealed their feelings towards the plans and policies of the company . This was a source about the employee welfare existing in the company could be observed. The personal options of the workers were collected using interview and schedule and the options of the managers were collected using structured questionnaire. UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY The universe of the study was the total employees and workers of the SAFE CARE. SAMPLE STUDYA sample technique used is convenience sampling. The samples were selected on the basis of both the investigator and the employees. DATA COLLECTION Data collected were as follows: * Welfare facilities offered to the workers. * Safety measures in the factory. * Relationship between workers and management and trade unions. * Promotions and transfers. * Effectiveness of the activities of the trade unions. * Trading and developing needs of the workers. WELFARE The rational system model merger welfare with earning where emphasize is made on the initiative and the efforts of the individual .Welfare is viewed more in economic terms. If he produces more , he gets more . The only thing the organization provided is to facilitate environment , in terms of water , sanitation , adequate light and ventilation . Hence welfare is concerned with working conditions and in this respect the working environment. The social system model promoter is a system of welfare where the emphasize is on organizational initiatives . Since a worker is striving to satisfy needs other than economic, is the working environment. Personnel enough or people oriented enough to provide opportunities for satisfying them.Organization make efforts towards workers participations, job enrichment and rotation to provide meaning , variety and interest in their jobs, and hence the place of work. This attempt is concerned with the actual ‘nuts and bolts’ of the job and is related to its content. WHY WELFARE In India , welfare is of the statutory and non-statutory kinds. Though statutory welfare a bare maximum of facilities and reasonably good working conditions , employer are free to provide , or not to provide non statutory measures in varying degrees. From the view point of workers, welfare measures must eliminate risk and insecurity .This is to ensure their personal safety and provide them with the equipment and atmosphere needed to draw affaire days wage without any feeling of guilt. Given the workers economic constraints , probably due to large families , organizations should provide facilities such as , transport , medical aid, creches, and subsidized food required by the workers. SOCIAL WELFARE Social welfare is being defined as those formally organized and socially sponsored institutions , agencies and programs which function to maint ain or improve the economic conditions , health or interpersonnel competence of some parts or all of a population.It means helping individuals or group in developing and utilizing their full capabilities so that they are in harmony with the needs of their families and communities. As these goals may not always be realized by individuals through their efforts alone the state comes in to the picture and gradually begins to take over the responsibility for the free and full development of human personality . In short , social welfare aims at the well being of people and help to ameliorate human life –cultural , economic ,social and psychological. PRINCIPLES OF LABOUR WELFARE Employee welfare is not a substitute for low wages and other allowances nor can it be used as an argument against the earnings of workers . A failure to understand this basic principle will only make labour welfare measures un popular. * The cardinal principle of employee welfare program is to ensure that it serves the real needs of workers concerned. Special classes of workers require special types of welfare services , proper assessment of needs of workers and determination of priorities, there of must be done. * Workers should be asked to participate in the formulation and administration of welfare programs.This is necessary because the programs are meant for them and their participation ensures that the welfare measures correspond to their needs. It also removes the suspiciousness of workers and the stigma of paternalism. * Workers should be free to use or not to use the facilities and amenities provide. OBJECTIVES OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE The primary objective of the study is employee welfare measures in SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. , COCHIN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, KAKKANAD, COCHIN . SECONDARY OBJECTIVES * To study the level of awareness of employees on them various welfare provided by the SAFECARE. To analyze the level of satisfaction of employees with regard to welfare measure p rovide by the SAFECARE. * To ascertain the needs and expectations of the employees towards the various schemes offered by the SAFECARE. * To suggest improvement any of existing welfare schemes grow SAFECARE. * To analyze the work environment of the employees. * To develop the work environment of the employees . * To develop efficiency and productivity among workers. * To make recruitment more effectively. * To earn goodwill and enhance public image.The present chapter will explain in detail the major inferences generated out of the information collected from respondents and other data sources. OPINION ABOUT THE WORKING SCHEDULE OF THE ORGANIZATION TABLE : 1 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 23| 57. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 7| 17. 5%| 3| Not satisfied| 10| 25%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 57. 5 % of the workers said that they are highly satisfied with the working schedule of the organization, and 17. 5 % said that they are partially satisfie d with the existing working schedule, and 25% are not satisfied with the working schedule.Majority of the workers are satisfied with the working schedule. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE MEDICAL AND FIRST AID FACILITIES TABLE : 2 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 19| 47. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 11| 27. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 47. 5% of the workers are highly satisfied with the medical and first aid facilities of the organization. 25% of the workers are partially satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. 11% of the workers are not satisfied with the medical and first aid facility.From the above table it is clear that the majority of the employees are satisfied . OPINION ABOUT THE PRESENT WAGE SCALE Table :3 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Good| 10| 25%| 2| Satisfactory| 15| 37. 5%| 3| Poor| 25| 62. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above diagram shows that only 25% of the emplo yees are satisfied with the wage scale , and 37. 5% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale given to them. But majority of the employees said that the wage scale of the organization are poor. OPINION ABOUT HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table :4 Sl. No| OPINION| NO.OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 15| 37. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 25| 62. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION Here 37. 5% of the employees are highly satisfied with the safety measures taken by the organization. 25% of the employees are just partially satisfied with the safety measures. And 62. 5% of the employees are not satisfied with the measures taken for safety. Majority of the workers are not satisfied with it. OPINION ABOUT REST ROOM FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE :5 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Provided| 30| 75%| 2| Not provided| 10| 25%| Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above table shows the details abou t the rest room. 75% of the employees said that the company provided them a good rest room. But 25% of the employees are of the opinion that the rest room provided by the company is not well. OPINION ABOUT THE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF INCENTIVES AND OTHER BENEFITS PROVIDED Table : 6 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 18| 45%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 12| 30%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION In the above table 45% of the employees are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. 5% of the workers are partially satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. And 30 % are not satisfied with this. Majority of the workers are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the company. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE OVER TIME ALLOWANCES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table : 7 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 8| 20%| 2| Partially satisfied| 20| 50%| 3| Not satisfied| 12| 30 %| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The over time allowance provided by the company is mostly partially satisfied. 20% of the employees are highly satisfied with it.But 50% of the workers are of the opinion that they are partially satisfied with the over time allowance. And 30 % of the workers are not satisfied with the over time allowances . OPINION ABOUT THE GRIEVANCE CELL PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE: 8 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Provided| 29| 72. 5%| 2| Not provided| 11| 27. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above table says the opinion about the grievance cell . 72. 5% of the employees are of the opinion that the company is provided them a good grievance cell. 27. 5% of the employees says that the company is not provided them a good grievance cell.But majority is of the opinion that the grievance cell provided is good. HOW IS THE INTER DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN THIS ORGANIZATION Table : 9 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Very good| 20| 50%| 2| Good| 8| 20%| 3| Average| 12| 30%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The inter departmental relationship in the organization are very good ,50% the workers said that the relationship is very good. 20% of the workers said that the inter departmental relationship is good. But 30% of the employees are of the opinion that the relationship is average. DO YOU LIKE TEAM WORK OR INDIVIDUAL WORKTable :10 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Team work| 27| 67. 5%| 2| Individual work| 3| 7. 5%| 3| Both| 10| 25%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 67. 5% of workers like team works. Only 7. 5% of the workers like individual work. And 25% of the workers are interested to work both as individual and team work. But majority workers like team work. . FINDINGS * Age wise distribution reveals that majority of the labourers are in the age group of 20-25 * It was found that the company has both male and female workers equally. * Maximum number of labourers are satisfied wi th the work schedule. Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. * It was found that majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the present wage scale. * Majority of the labourers are not satisfied with the health and safety measures provided by the company. * Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are provided with good rest room facility. * It was found that majority of the labourers are satisfied with the incentives and other benefits offered to them. * Most of them are partially satisfied about overtime allowance given by the company. SUGGESTIONS Overtime allowance should be made more attractive to attract new younger talent into organization. * Since the laboures seem to prefer team work , if the work could be made more team oriented , it increases the motivation level of labourers and thus the productivity can be increased. * Canteen facility does not provide the North Indian labourers needs in satisfactory manner. So the organization should include North Indian dishes in the menu. * More awareness programs regarding the quality of work life should be conducted. * Quality circle should be established to improve the productivity and standard of work life of labourers. Better transportation facility should be made available to the employees. * Maintain good relationship between management authorities and employees. * Periodical health testing for employees should be conducted. CONCLUSION The study is conducted among the labourers of Safe care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd. to study various welfare activities conducted at the company . From the study it has been understood that some workers are satisfied with some factors like wage offered , incentives provided ,medical and first aid facilities provided etc.The company needs to improve on various other factors that include the canteen facility, awareness programs regarding quality of work life in order to ensure that there is satisfaction among the labourers regarding the welfare scheme offered. From the study, it was found that the employees are generally satisfied with their welfare measures . The recreational facilities provided by the company are very satisfactory. There is a well managed grievance procedure in the organization . The working of employees union is satisfactory. In short, welfare facility together contribute to better work thus making employees happy and cheerful looking. Employee Welfare 1. 1 WHAT IS WELFARE Welfare  is the provision of a minimal level of  well-being  and social support  for all citizens, sometimes referred to as  public aid. In most developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government, in addition to  charities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations. The work place should provide reasonable amenities for its good working. The betterment of workers conditions must produce more from the employer down rather than the forced up by demand from below. It is also important because the labour is contented.Well housed, well fed, well looked after it is not only an asset to the labour in the country. Therefore welfare is also fundamentally in the interest of the large society as the health, happiness and efficieny of each individual contributes the general well being of all. The concept of welfare is dynamic in nature and vary from country to country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on the value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level social and economic development.According to Frederic Engels, â€Å" labour is the source of all wealth it is next to nature , which supplies with the materials that it converts in to wealth but it is even definitely more than this†. 1. 2 EMPLOYEE WELFARE Employee welfare work aims at providing such service facilities and amenities to the workers employed in factories and industries healthy, congenial surroundings conductive to good health and high moral. The aim or objectives of welfare activities is partly humanistic to enable the workers to enjoy a fuller and richer life.The relevant and necessity of welfare work in India ,can be easily realized if one observe pitiable working condition of workers in the country. Stable and effective labour force cannot be build up with an improvement in the condition of life and work in the industrial centre. The development of co mmunity and society depends on the development of labour . The importance of labour welfare is beyond the stage is debate and is recognized on as integrate part of industrial tradition in all industrially advances countries.Labour is the vital part of business part of organizationand management , and now a day attach more importance to human angel . Increases the productivity , as well as productive efficiently of the workers and induce in them new spirit self realization . The importance of welfare measures was accept was early as 1931, when the labour commission on labour stated that, the benefits which go under thus nomenclature of great importance workers of which he is unable to secure by himself.Labour welfare is one of the major determinants of industrial relation. Encyclopedia of social sciences defines welfare workers as â€Å"voluntary efforts of the employer to establish with in existing industrial system , working and sometime living and cultural condition of the employ ers beyond what is required by law. The welfare of labouring classes must be one of the first carriers of every employee. The betterment of workers condition must preceed more from the employees. The work space should provide with reasonable amenities for his essential needs.The concept of welfare and dynamic in nature and vary from country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on is value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level of social and economic development. Welfare activities are partly humanitarian partly economic and partly civil. It is humanitarian as its aim is providing certain facilities and amenities of life to the workers which they themselves cannot provide; it promotes a sense of responsibility and dignity among workers and to make them better citizen.According to Frederic Engles, â€Å"labour is the source of all wealth; it is next to nature , which supplies its material that convert in to wealth . But it is even definitely more than this. † 1. 3 WELFARE AS CONCEPTS Indian national congress in its karachi resolution stated that the self guard in the interest of the industrial workers and shall secure then by suitable legislation , by the living wage. Healthy working condition and limited hours of work, suitable machinery for settlement of disputes between employees and workmen and protest against old age sickness and unemployment .Anything done for intellectual , physical and moral and economic betterment of the workers , whether by employers, by the govt. or by the other agencies over and above what is laid down by the laws of the land, is labour welfare. International organization report refers with regard to labour welfare as â€Å"such service facilities and amenities which may be established in or in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the persons employed in perform their working healthy, congenial surroundings and provided with amenities conductive to good health a nd high moral. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY * It helps to improve recruitment. As the job becomes more attractive, more efficient employees can be recruited. * Employee welfare improves the morale and loyalty of workers by making them happy and satisfied. * It reduces labor turnover and absenteeism thereby building a stable workforce. * It helps to increase employee productivity or efficiency by improving their physical and mental health. 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry.The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy. Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. 1. 6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labou r welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievences and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. 1. 7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY * Only 40 respondents were selected for the study due to time constraints. * The duration of the time for the study was limited and hence elaborate and imprehensive project survey was not undertaken. * The findings were drawn based on the feed back received through the questionnaires. Interaction with the company professionals was limited, due to their busy schedule. * Information obtained is depended on satisfaction level of the respondent. The reliability of the result of the study depends on the reliability of the answers of the respondents were reluc tant to give information. 2. 1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE World production and consumption of rubber continued to increase in 2008. The ISRG (International Rubber Study Group) estimated that the production would breach the 20 million tonnes level to breach 20. 12 million tonnes of rubber were estimated to be consumed in 2007, of which 41. % was natural rubber. Latex market report gives a comprehensive introduction to both natural and synthetic polymer in one volume. This is a hot subject because of tremendous change in the market. These have increased from the increased use of disposable gloves in the medical industry. Latex products are being used excessively as alternatives to solvent based system such as adhesives, sealants and coatings, because of global legislation concerning the use of volatile flammable solvents. The range of application of latex is extensive.Polymer Lattices are used in paints and coatings ,textiles ,non-wovens packing, construction (mainly in adhesives and binders) , furniture, packing, paper, medical equipments,personnel equipment ,carpet, backing,adhesives, polish,belts. The global annual consumption of natural rubber latex is running at just over 7 million tonnes. Natural rubber is particularly widely used in medical gloves and condom applications. Gloves are by far the largest market sector, consuming around 60%by weight . This is a very competetive market and much of the production industry has being moved to Asia to reduce costs.WORLD RUBBER PRODUCTION In 1991 Thailand replaced Malaysia as the top producer and exporter of natural rubber products. This has been the result of re-planning program. A majority of Thailand rubber plantations are located in southern part of the country. Thailand leads the rubber producing countries in research and development of natural rubber. This makes Thai natural rubber the most dependable and consistent. A majority of rubber products are exported in their raw from such as technically specified rubbers: ST R ,Skim Block,ADS ,Crape and concentrate Latex . Exports account for 90% of natural rubber production .The remaining 10% is utilised domestically, 55% of this amount is processes as value added goods . Major manufactured rubber are tyres and inner rubber tubes for automotives. 2. 2 COMPANY PROFILE 2. 2. 1 About the organization Safe Care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd started its production during the year 2006. It is situated in Cochin Special Economic Zone, Kochi. The products manufactured in this company are pre-powdered and powdered free latex, examination and surgical gloves. It is registered under the factory’s act. The company’s investment in land and building is 50 lakhs and plant and machinery is 114 lakhs.The annual turnover of the company in the year 2007-08 is Rs. 460 lakhs. The raw materials and equipments used are latex,sulphur,PHT, power free chlorination machine, tensile tester ,air nozzles, physical dimension testing equipments. Its product is exported to Eu rope ,African countries , Latin America. Safe care subscribes to a philosophy â€Å"Quest for Excellence† which ensures that its customer received not only good quality product but also excellent service. Safe care believes in cost effectiveness through effective operation ,timely deliveries and prompt corresspondence . 00% customer satisfaction is their primary motto. The â€Å"Quest for Excellence† has earned the prestigious ISO 9001:2000 certificate from TUV suddeutschland ,Germany and regitration of factory with US FDA -510K. The sterile and non-sterile products are CE certified. Indian Rubber Board has examined the gloves and confirmed that surgical and examination gloves meet ASTM D 357 and D 3575 , EN 455 standards. 2. 2. 2 OBJECTIVES OF SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD * To become a leading player through providing rubber products mainly gloves through out the world market. * To maximise the return on investment. To achieve the international levels of excellen ce in quality. * To engage in a wide span of business activity through socially accepted way. 2. 2. 3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Safe care rubber products pvt. ltd has a simple organizational structure with two directors Sri. Anil Kumar and Sri. Joseph at the top level management. The directors are jointly responsible for the decisions and all the decisions are taken together . The director of administration is in charge of all the overall operations and publications. The day to day operations and controls are carried out under his supervision .The other director is in charge of the production and function of the firm. In the middle level management they have two managers Sri. Sukumaran and Smt. Kavitha Anilkumar one in charge of the administration and other is the production manager or the foreman. The manager of administration is in charge of overall administration of the production , purchases, human resources and a link between the lower level and the top level management. The for eman is in charge of overall production and the production line. Both of them report to the top management directly.The lower level management is filled up by the office Staff and head of laboratory and inspection and supervisors . They all report to the managers of administration who acts as the link for them with the top management. 2. 2. 4 VARIETIES OF RUBBER The varieties of rubber are : Natural Latex: This is a white fluid obtained from the rubber tree. It contains small particles of rubber dispersed in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium also contains plant proteins which are thought to be responsible for triggering of allergy. Natural Rubber : This include all material made from containing Latex.Natural rubber is made by two processes, the natural rubber latex process (NRL) and dry natural rubber process (DNR). DNR Process This involves compressing the rubber at a high temperature and pressure. The plant protein responsible for allergy are denatured at these temperature , a nd pressure and therefore pose a lower risk than rubber made by NRL process. NRL process This involves the use of natural latex in a concentrated colloidal suspension. This type of latex contains a much greater proportion of plant proteins than latex produced by the DNR process.Most immediate type reaction results from exposure to NRL products. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it, the researcher explains the various steps that are generally adopted in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. PURPOSE OF STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labour welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occ urred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievances and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. SCOPE OF STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry. The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy.Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the agreement for the conditions and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevances to the research purpose with the economy in procedure . It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitues that blue print for the collection , measurement and analysis of data. The research design here is exploratory re search, the focus is on the discovery of ideas.An exploratory research is to generate new ideas,respondents should be given sufficient freedom to express themselves. PILOT STUDY Interview with worker and manager revealed their feelings towards the plans and policies of the company . This was a source about the employee welfare existing in the company could be observed. The personal options of the workers were collected using interview and schedule and the options of the managers were collected using structured questionnaire. UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY The universe of the study was the total employees and workers of the SAFE CARE. SAMPLE STUDYA sample technique used is convenience sampling. The samples were selected on the basis of both the investigator and the employees. DATA COLLECTION Data collected were as follows: * Welfare facilities offered to the workers. * Safety measures in the factory. * Relationship between workers and management and trade unions. * Promotions and transfers. * Effectiveness of the activities of the trade unions. * Trading and developing needs of the workers. WELFARE The rational system model merger welfare with earning where emphasize is made on the initiative and the efforts of the individual .Welfare is viewed more in economic terms. If he produces more , he gets more . The only thing the organization provided is to facilitate environment , in terms of water , sanitation , adequate light and ventilation . Hence welfare is concerned with working conditions and in this respect the working environment. The social system model promoter is a system of welfare where the emphasize is on organizational initiatives . Since a worker is striving to satisfy needs other than economic, is the working environment. Personnel enough or people oriented enough to provide opportunities for satisfying them.Organization make efforts towards workers participations, job enrichment and rotation to provide meaning , variety and interest in their jobs, and hence the place of work. This attempt is concerned with the actual ‘nuts and bolts’ of the job and is related to its content. WHY WELFARE In India , welfare is of the statutory and non-statutory kinds. Though statutory welfare a bare maximum of facilities and reasonably good working conditions , employer are free to provide , or not to provide non statutory measures in varying degrees. From the view point of workers, welfare measures must eliminate risk and insecurity .This is to ensure their personal safety and provide them with the equipment and atmosphere needed to draw affaire days wage without any feeling of guilt. Given the workers economic constraints , probably due to large families , organizations should provide facilities such as , transport , medical aid, creches, and subsidized food required by the workers. SOCIAL WELFARE Social welfare is being defined as those formally organized and socially sponsored institutions , agencies and programs which function to maint ain or improve the economic conditions , health or interpersonnel competence of some parts or all of a population.It means helping individuals or group in developing and utilizing their full capabilities so that they are in harmony with the needs of their families and communities. As these goals may not always be realized by individuals through their efforts alone the state comes in to the picture and gradually begins to take over the responsibility for the free and full development of human personality . In short , social welfare aims at the well being of people and help to ameliorate human life –cultural , economic ,social and psychological. PRINCIPLES OF LABOUR WELFARE Employee welfare is not a substitute for low wages and other allowances nor can it be used as an argument against the earnings of workers . A failure to understand this basic principle will only make labour welfare measures un popular. * The cardinal principle of employee welfare program is to ensure that it serves the real needs of workers concerned. Special classes of workers require special types of welfare services , proper assessment of needs of workers and determination of priorities, there of must be done. * Workers should be asked to participate in the formulation and administration of welfare programs.This is necessary because the programs are meant for them and their participation ensures that the welfare measures correspond to their needs. It also removes the suspiciousness of workers and the stigma of paternalism. * Workers should be free to use or not to use the facilities and amenities provide. OBJECTIVES OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE The primary objective of the study is employee welfare measures in SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. , COCHIN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, KAKKANAD, COCHIN . SECONDARY OBJECTIVES * To study the level of awareness of employees on them various welfare provided by the SAFECARE. To analyze the level of satisfaction of employees with regard to welfare measure p rovide by the SAFECARE. * To ascertain the needs and expectations of the employees towards the various schemes offered by the SAFECARE. * To suggest improvement any of existing welfare schemes grow SAFECARE. * To analyze the work environment of the employees. * To develop the work environment of the employees . * To develop efficiency and productivity among workers. * To make recruitment more effectively. * To earn goodwill and enhance public image.The present chapter will explain in detail the major inferences generated out of the information collected from respondents and other data sources. OPINION ABOUT THE WORKING SCHEDULE OF THE ORGANIZATION TABLE : 1 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 23| 57. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 7| 17. 5%| 3| Not satisfied| 10| 25%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 57. 5 % of the workers said that they are highly satisfied with the working schedule of the organization, and 17. 5 % said that they are partially satisfie d with the existing working schedule, and 25% are not satisfied with the working schedule.Majority of the workers are satisfied with the working schedule. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE MEDICAL AND FIRST AID FACILITIES TABLE : 2 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 19| 47. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 11| 27. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 47. 5% of the workers are highly satisfied with the medical and first aid facilities of the organization. 25% of the workers are partially satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. 11% of the workers are not satisfied with the medical and first aid facility.From the above table it is clear that the majority of the employees are satisfied . OPINION ABOUT THE PRESENT WAGE SCALE Table :3 SL. NO| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Good| 10| 25%| 2| Satisfactory| 15| 37. 5%| 3| Poor| 25| 62. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above diagram shows that only 25% of the emplo yees are satisfied with the wage scale , and 37. 5% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale given to them. But majority of the employees said that the wage scale of the organization are poor. OPINION ABOUT HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table :4 Sl. No| OPINION| NO.OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 15| 37. 5%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 25| 62. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION Here 37. 5% of the employees are highly satisfied with the safety measures taken by the organization. 25% of the employees are just partially satisfied with the safety measures. And 62. 5% of the employees are not satisfied with the measures taken for safety. Majority of the workers are not satisfied with it. OPINION ABOUT REST ROOM FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE :5 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Provided| 30| 75%| 2| Not provided| 10| 25%| Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above table shows the details abou t the rest room. 75% of the employees said that the company provided them a good rest room. But 25% of the employees are of the opinion that the rest room provided by the company is not well. OPINION ABOUT THE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF INCENTIVES AND OTHER BENEFITS PROVIDED Table : 6 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 18| 45%| 2| Partially satisfied| 10| 25%| 3| Not satisfied| 12| 30%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION In the above table 45% of the employees are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. 5% of the workers are partially satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. And 30 % are not satisfied with this. Majority of the workers are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the company. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE OVER TIME ALLOWANCES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table : 7 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Highly satisfied| 8| 20%| 2| Partially satisfied| 20| 50%| 3| Not satisfied| 12| 30 %| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The over time allowance provided by the company is mostly partially satisfied. 20% of the employees are highly satisfied with it.But 50% of the workers are of the opinion that they are partially satisfied with the over time allowance. And 30 % of the workers are not satisfied with the over time allowances . OPINION ABOUT THE GRIEVANCE CELL PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE: 8 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Provided| 29| 72. 5%| 2| Not provided| 11| 27. 5%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The above table says the opinion about the grievance cell . 72. 5% of the employees are of the opinion that the company is provided them a good grievance cell. 27. 5% of the employees says that the company is not provided them a good grievance cell.But majority is of the opinion that the grievance cell provided is good. HOW IS THE INTER DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN THIS ORGANIZATION Table : 9 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Very good| 20| 50%| 2| Good| 8| 20%| 3| Average| 12| 30%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION The inter departmental relationship in the organization are very good ,50% the workers said that the relationship is very good. 20% of the workers said that the inter departmental relationship is good. But 30% of the employees are of the opinion that the relationship is average. DO YOU LIKE TEAM WORK OR INDIVIDUAL WORKTable :10 Sl. No| OPINION| NO. OF EMPLOYEES| PERCENTAGE| 1| Team work| 27| 67. 5%| 2| Individual work| 3| 7. 5%| 3| Both| 10| 25%| | Total| 40| 100%| INTERPRETATION 67. 5% of workers like team works. Only 7. 5% of the workers like individual work. And 25% of the workers are interested to work both as individual and team work. But majority workers like team work. . FINDINGS * Age wise distribution reveals that majority of the labourers are in the age group of 20-25 * It was found that the company has both male and female workers equally. * Maximum number of labourers are satisfied wi th the work schedule. Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. * It was found that majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the present wage scale. * Majority of the labourers are not satisfied with the health and safety measures provided by the company. * Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are provided with good rest room facility. * It was found that majority of the labourers are satisfied with the incentives and other benefits offered to them. * Most of them are partially satisfied about overtime allowance given by the company. SUGGESTIONS Overtime allowance should be made more attractive to attract new younger talent into organization. * Since the laboures seem to prefer team work , if the work could be made more team oriented , it increases the motivation level of labourers and thus the productivity can be increased. * Canteen facility does not provide the North Indian labourers needs in satisfactory manner. So the organization should include North Indian dishes in the menu. * More awareness programs regarding the quality of work life should be conducted. * Quality circle should be established to improve the productivity and standard of work life of labourers. Better transportation facility should be made available to the employees. * Maintain good relationship between management authorities and employees. * Periodical health testing for employees should be conducted. CONCLUSION The study is conducted among the labourers of Safe care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd. to study various welfare activities conducted at the company . From the study it has been understood that some workers are satisfied with some factors like wage offered , incentives provided ,medical and first aid facilities provided etc.The company needs to improve on various other factors that include the canteen facility, awareness programs regarding quality of work life in order to ensure that there is satisfaction among the labourers regarding the welfare scheme offered. From the study, it was found that the employees are generally satisfied with their welfare measures . The recreational facilities provided by the company are very satisfactory. There is a well managed grievance procedure in the organization . The working of employees union is satisfactory. In short, welfare facility together contribute to better work thus making employees happy and cheerful looking.